Bowlbys Attachment Theory Essay - 1943 Words

Bowlbys Attachment Theory Findings form animal studies were a powerful influence on Bowlbys thoughts. He suggested too that there was a critical period for the development of attachments between infant and care giver. According to Bowlby infants display an innate tendency to become attached to one particular individual. He called this monotropy. He suggested this tendency was qualitatively different from any subsequent attachment a child might form. However, he did not suggest monotropy was absolute but that the child has a hierarchy of attachments. Bowlby thought that if a child was deprived of their mother between 6 months and five years of age then this would lead to difficulties in†¦show more content†¦In 1973 the leading attachment psychologist, Mary Ainsworth, pointed out that Attachment is an affectional tie that one person forms to another person, binding them together in space, and enduring over time. Deprivation can occur when there is insufficient opportunity for interaction with a mother figure (privation), when there is insufficient interaction with mother (masked deprivation), or when there are repeated breaches of ties with mother figures. In 1949, the World Health Organisation became concerned about the number of homeless children, or children who were growing up in institutions as a result of the war years. They commissioned Bowlby to look into this matter, and to report to them whether these children were likely to be suffering from their experiences, and what the best kind of upbringing for such children was. Bowlby concluded that a warm intimate and continuing relationship with a mother figure is an essential precondition for mental health. Maternal deprivation or a disturbed emotional attachment between mother and child was said to cause irreparable damage, not only to the child but also to society as a whole. He stated (1951) deprived children, whether in their own homes or not, are a source of social infection as real and serious as are carriers of diphtheria and typhoid. Bowlbys report to the WHO had a great deal of influence among healthShow MoreRelatedBowlbys Theory Of Attachment1378 Words   |  6 Page sBowlby (1969) and his theory of attachment: An example of an extreme nature theorist is Bowlby (1969) and his theory of attachment. Bowlby believed that all mental health and behavioural problems could be linked to early childhood health. Bowlby’s theory suggests that all children are biologically pre-programmed to form relationships and attachments with others before they are even born for survival and that the fear of strangers in babies and young children represents an important survival mechanismRead MoreBowlbys Attachment Theory And Attachment1274 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Simply Psychology, Bowlby’s attachment theory says an individual can have an attachment with someone that is not shared. Attachment is characterized by behaviors in children such as seeking proximity with their attachment figure when upset. Bowlby’s experiments led him to see the importance of a child and mother relationship. (Saul McLeod, 2009) With more research later came four phases of attachment. Phase one is from birth to two months, this stage is where babies seek comfort, andRead MoreJohn Bowlbys Theories of Attachment Theory949 Words   |  4 Pagesdo not develop in a void or as â€Å"individual monadsâ €  but as members of interacting systems. Bowlby developed his theory on attachment for several decades, and at a time where any dealings with childhood trauma were still rigorously influenced by Freudian psychoanalysis through the likes of psychoanalysts such Anna Freud or Melanie Klein. Even Winnicott was â€Å"revulsed† upon reading Bowlbys papers (siegel). It certainly was a bitter pill to swallow for psychoanalysts who had been repeating since FreudRead MoreModifications of Bowlbys Attachment Theory Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesModifications of Bowlbys Attachment Theory Bowlbys original theory of attachment was concerned with the bonding relationship that develops between an infant and his primary caregiver. He believed the process of bonding to have a biological basis as the genes of those infants who successfully sought the protection of a caregiver (from predators and other dangers) will have survived and been passed on. Bowlby also formulated the Maternal Deprivation hypothesis (1953)Read MoreBowlby’s Attachment Theory Essay example1156 Words   |  5 PagesBowlby’s attachment theory has greatly influenced practice. His theory of attachment explains the importance of having a figure that the child shares a strong bond with. Having an attachment can significantly support a child’s development as Barbara Woods suggests that â€Å"his theory of attachment proposed that attachment is innate in both infants and mothers, and that the formation of this attachment is crucial for the infants development† Wood, B (2001, p.53). Bowlby believed that forming an attachmentRead MoreJohn Bowlbys Attachment Theory Essay2161 Words   |  9 PagesJohn Bowlby’s attachment theory established that an infant’s earliest relationship with their primary caregiver or mother shaped their later development and characterized their human life, â€Å"from the cradle to the grave† (Bowlby, 1979, p. 129). The attac hment style that an infant develops with their parent later reflects on their self-esteem, well-being and the romantic relationships that they form. Bowlby’s attachment theory had extensive research done by Mary Ainsworth, who studied the mother-infantRead MoreLearning Theory Of Attachment And The Other Being Bowlbys Evolution Theory1692 Words   |  7 Pageslater life. Attachment theories are studied and the effect of no attachment or disrupted attachment is studied and aimed to be resolved. John Bowlby defined attachment as the emotional and physical connection that makes two people stay close to one another. It is between children and their primary caregivers (Psychologistworld.com, 2016). This essay will discuss and evaluate two theories of attachment: one being Dollard and Miller’s learning theory of attachment and the other being Bowlby’s evolutionRead MoreJohn Bowlbys Path to Developing the Attachment Theory Essay593 Words   |  3 Pagesmany different theories on this subject, but a well-known theory is the Attachment Theory written by John Bowlby in the mid-twentieth century. John Bowlby born on February 26, 1907, was a twentieth century psychologist who contributed too many modern day psychoanalytic theories. At a young age he hardly saw his mother due to the fact that she believed, like many other mothers at that time, affection and attention would lead to spoiling of the child. So he developed a deep attachment to his nanny sinceRead MoreHow Has Bowlby’s Original Formulation of Attachment Theory Essay example2374 Words   |  10 PagesBowlby’s (1946) original formulation of attachment theory drew upon both psychoanalytic and ethol ogical theory and generated a significant amount of subsequent research. The core principle behind Bowlby’s theory was that the formation of a stable, healthy attachment with a caregiver in the early years of life is the key for an infants’ future emotional, social and cognitive development. Bowlby explained that this primary attachment relationship develops because infants need a mechanism to ensureRead MoreBowlbys Theory of Attachments854 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Bowlby’s Theory Attachment is a strong and emotional bond that develops over time between two individuals that is reciprocal. 1. THE THEORY * Bowlby’s theory suggests that attachment is evolutionary and is needed to aid survival. * He did observational research to link orphans with psychological damage. * Babies are helpless and rely on adults. They make instinctive decisions because they haven’t actually learnt anything yet. Bowlby said that babies must be genetically programmed

Wait … Doesn’t Your Essay Outline Look Like This

An essay outline is a useful tool that can considerably speed up the process of writing an essay, increase the quality of the resulting product, and serve as a safeguard from mistakes that may otherwise cause you to rewrite large chunks of your essay (or even start from scratch). Even if the essay you write is a small one, it still pays to prepare an outline before you get started – it won’t take much time but comes as a great help in organizing your thoughts. In a nutshell, an outline is a short plan of your essay and should be written according to the same template the essay per se is written. Most essays consist of an introduction, three supporting ideas and a conclusion – and that is how you are supposed to be outlining your assignment. Introduction What is the general topic of your essay? What is the most important idea you want to make clear in your essay? Outlines usually begin with the declaration of what you are going to talk about – for example, you may write that your topic is the healthcare reform in the United States, and the main point you want to make is that it isn’t as effective as advertised. Also mark what a â€Å"hook† you are going to use to grasp the reader’s attention. Main Part, Body Paragraphs Most techniques for writing essays require you to write at least three body paragraphs, each covering roughly one idea supporting your main point. At this stage of writing, your outline sample you should select these three ideas and write each of them up separately: what data you introduce, what your argument is, what facts you mention, what examples you describe. A useful technique is to use at least three points to support each of the three ideas – this will help you keep your essay balanced. Transitions Don’t forget that the three (or more) supporting ideas of your essay should be connected to each other by logical transitions. You shouldn’t simply stop discussing one point and get to another, completely unrelated one. Use expressions like in addition to that, also, however and so on. Conclusion Conclusion is a final stage of your essay – it should serve as its logical ending, wrapping up everything you’ve discussed in the body paragraphs without introducing any new information. A good rule of a thumb is to start it with a sentence serving as a kind of throwback to your introduction, provide a summary of all the points covered in essay’s body, and complete it with a general conclusion: whether your thesis statement was right or wrong, whether you’ve changed your opinion on the topic after studying it, etc. – it all depends on what kind of essay you are writing. Oftentimes students forgo preparing an essay outline, thinking that so much preparatory work is not necessary for such seemingly small task. However, practice shows that time spent on writing an outline is negligible when you take into account all the benefits of doing so. Which means that next time you write an essay, try preparing an outline – and we are sure you will see the difference!

Night Creature Hunter’s Moon Chapter 1 Free Essays

They say the hunter’s moon was once called the blood moon, and I know why. A full moon shining through a crisp autumn night turns blood from crimson to black. I much prefer the shade of blood beneath the moon to its shade beneath the stark electric lights. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Hunter’s Moon Chapter 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now But I digress. I am a hunter. A Juger-Sucher to those in the know – of which there are a select few. I hunt monsters, and in case you’re thinking that’s a euphemism for today’s serial killers, it’s not. When I say â€Å"monster† I mean hell unleashed, tooth and claw, supernatural magic on the loose. The kind of thing that will give you nightmares forever. Just like me. My specialty is werewolves. I must have killed a thousand and I’m only twenty-four. Sadly, my job security has never been in jeopardy. A fact I learned all too well when my boss, Edward Mandenauer, called me early one October morning. â€Å"Leigh, I need you here.† â€Å"Where is here?† I mumbled. I am not a bright and shiny early person. This might come from living most of my life in the dark. Werewolves emerge at night, beneath the moon. They’re funny that way. â€Å"I am in Crow Valley, Wisconsin.† â€Å"Never heard of it.† â€Å"Which gives you much in common with the rest of the world.† I sat up, awake, alert, senses humming. That had sounded suspiciously like dry humor. Edward didn’t do humor. â€Å"Who is this?† I demanded. â€Å"Leigh.† His long-suffering sigh was as much a part of him as his heavy German accent. â€Å"What is the matter with you this morning?† â€Å"It’s morning. Isn’t that enough?† I did not greet each day with joy. My life was dedicated to one thing – ridding the earth of werewolves. Only then could I forget what had happened, perhaps forgive myself for living when everyone I’d ever loved had died. â€Å"Liebchen,† Mandenauer murmured. â€Å"What will I do with you?† Edward had saved me on that long-ago day filled with blood and death and despair. He had taken me in, taught me things, then set me free to use them. I was his most dedicated agent, and only Edward and I knew why. â€Å"I’m all right,† I reassured him. I wasn’t and probably never would be. But I’d accepted that. I’d moved on. Kind of. â€Å"Of course you are,† he soothed. Neither one of us was fooled by my lie or his acceptance of it. Which was how we both kept ourselves focused on what was important. Killing them all. â€Å"The town is in the northern part of the state,† he continued. â€Å"You will have to fly to Minneapolis, rent a car, go†¦ east, I think.† â€Å"I am not coming to Shit Heel, Wisconsin, Edward.† â€Å"Crow Valley.† â€Å"Whatever. I’m not done here.† I’d been working in Canada at Mandenauer’s request. A few months back hell had broken loose in a little burg called Miniwa. Something about a blue moon, a wolf god – I hadn’t gotten the details. I didn’t care. All I knew was that there were werewolves running north, plenty of them. But as much as I might like to, I couldn’t just blast every wolf I saw with silver. There were laws about such things, even in Canada. The Juger-Suchers were a secret branch of the government. We liked to envision ourselves as the Special Forces of monster hunting. Think The X-Files versus Grimm’s Fairy Tales on steroids. At any rate, we were supposed to work on the sly. A pile of dead wolves – threatened at the least, endangered yet in some places – would cause too many questions. The Juger-Sucher society had enough problems accounting for the disappearances of the people who had once been werewolves. Sad but true – it’s easier to explain missing humans than dead animals, but such is the way of the modern world. My job, should I choose to accept it – and I had, long ago – was to catch the werewolves in the act. Of changing. Then I was well within my rights to put a silver bullet in their brain. Bureaucracy at its finest. Catching them wasn’t as hard to do as you might think. Most werewolves ran in packs, just like real wolves. When they went to the forest to change, they often had a lair where they left their clothes, purses, car keys. Going from bipedal to quadrupedal had certain disadvantages, namely, no pockets. Once I found that lair†¦ well, does the phrase â€Å"like shooting ducks in a pond† mean anything to you? It’s one of my favorites. â€Å"You will never be done there.† Edward’s voice pulled me from my thoughts. â€Å"Right now you are needed here.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"The usual reason.† â€Å"You’ve got werewolves. Shoot them yourself.† â€Å"I need you to train a new Juger-Sucher.† Since when? Edward had always done the training, and I†¦ â€Å"I work alone.† â€Å"It is time for that to change.† â€Å"No.† I was not a people person. Didn’t want to be. I enjoyed being by myself. That way no one around me could get killed – again. â€Å"I am not asking you, Leigh; I am telling you. Be here by tomorrow, or find another job.† He hung up. Sitting on the edge of the bed in my underwear, I held the phone against my ear until the line started to buzz; then I replaced it in the cradle and stared into space awhile longer. I couldn’t believe this. I wasn’t a teacher; I was a killer. What right did Edward have to order me around? All the right in the world. He was my boss, my mentor, the closest thing to a friend that I allowed myself. Which meant he should know better than to ask me to do something I’d given up along with my life. I had been a teacher, once upon a time. I flinched as the memory of children’s voices lifted in song drifted through my head. Miss Leigh Tyler, kindergarten teacher, was as dead as the man I’d once planned to marry. And if she sometimes skipped through my dreams, well, what was I supposed to do, shoot her? Though that might be my usual method for solving problems, it didn’t work too well on the happy-go-lucky dream Leigh. More’s the pity. I dragged myself off the bed and into the shower, then packed my things and headed for the airport. No one in Elk Snout – or wherever the hell it was I’d been hunting – would notice I was gone. As I did in every area I visited, I’d rented an isolated cabin, telling anyone who asked, and it was shocking how few people did, that I was with the Department of Natural Resources, studying a new strain of rabies in the wolf population. This excuse conveniently explained my odd hours and my penchant for walking with a gun or three, as well as my cranky nature. The hunting and fishing police were not well liked by the common folk. Which got me left alone – my favorite thing to be. I arrived at the airport, where I was informed only one plane a day flew to Minneapolis. Luckily, that single flight was scheduled late in the afternoon and there were plenty of seats. I had ID from the J-S society, which established me as a warden and allowed me to ship my weapons – a standard-issue twelve-gauge Remington shotgun, my personal hunting rifle, and a Glock forty-caliber semiautomatic, also standard DNR issue. An hour after touching down, I hit the road to Crow Valley. I didn’t bother to call ahead and announce my arrival. Mandenauer had known all along that I would come. No matter what he asked of me, I would agree. Not because I respected him, though I did, more than anyone I’d ever known, but because he let me do what I had to do. Kill the animals, the monsters, the werewolves. It was the only thing I had left to live for. 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Augustine Aquinas the Root of Evil free essay sample

One approach addresses the origin of evils prompting the syllogism: 1) God created all things; 2) evil is a thing: 3) therefore, God created evil. If one and two are indeed correct, then that would make the conclusion to this question inevitable, in the fact that God did create evil. In terms of general Christianity and the ethics of the church, this fact is in my own opinion, the most damaging fact toe the Christian church in North America. However, Augustine, considering the premises of this fact, began to wonder what was actual evil? If God created all things, then if God created evil, does that mean that evil is a thing. This is one of the vexing questions that Augustine inquired into. If evil was not a thing, then does that mean it wasn’t created? This question led Augustine to seek out the antecedent. Augustine asked the question, â€Å"Do we have any convincing evidence that a good God exists? If independent evidence leads us to conclude that God exists and is good, then He would be incapable of creating evil. † Something else, then, must be the source of evil. Therefore, a new syllogism is conjured: Firstly, all things that God created are good; secondly, evil is not good; thirdly, evil was not created by God. The second syllogism: God created every thing; God did not create evil; and evil is not a thing. If evil is not a thing, then the case against Christianity is untrue. So the basis of the Problem of Evil, leads to the question of what evil truly is. Augustine, in response to the question of what evil was, came to the conclusion that, â€Å"Evil has no positive nature; but the loss of good has received the name ‘evil. † If evil is a lack of good, and if God is good, then I begin to wonder if evil can also be described as an absence of God. In accordance with what I have concluded, Augustine writes in Confessions, â€Å"All which is corrupted is deprived of good. † In summation, the reason that God has allowed evil to exist in this world, as a lacking of good, is because of God’s indescribable goodness; God is not the creator or a victim of it – it is impossible for God to be a victim to evil. Thomas Aquinas, in Summa Theologiae objection one, writes â€Å"It would seem that good cannot be the cause of evil. For it is said (Matthew 7:18): â€Å"A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit. † He also sees evil as the contrary to good, and in accordance with that view, good cannot be the cause of evil. In Aquinas’ second article concerning evil, Aquinas asks the question of â€Å"Whether the supreme good, God, is the cause of evil? † Objection two of article two, says, â€Å"Further, the effect of the secondary cause is reduced to the first cause. But good is the cause of evil, as was said above. Therefore, since God is the cause of every good, as was shown above, it follows that also every evil is from God. † The objections also state that, as God is the cause of all things good, in comparison, he must also be the cause of all things that are evil. Aquinas quotes Augustine in opposition to these objects, stating, that, â€Å"God is not the author of evil because He is not the cause of tending to not-being. † The â€Å"not-being† that Aquinas is referring to is the state of not-being good, which in-turn is the state of evil. In answering these objections, Aquinas says, â€Å"And thus God, by causing in things the good of the order of the universe, consequently and as it were by accident, causes the corruptions of things, according to 1 Kings 2:6 â€Å"The Lord killeth and maketh alive. † But when we read that â€Å"God hath not made death,† the sense is that God does not will death for its own sake. Nevertheless the order of justice belongs to the order of the universe; and this requires that penalty should be dealt out to sinners†¦ So God is the author of the evil which is penalty, but not of the evil which is fault, by that reason of what is said above. So, God is not the author of the evil which is fault, which means, that God is not the author of the evil that we commit, which we refer to as â€Å"sins. † Lastly, I will discuss the means by which Aquinas believes is the cause of evil. Aquinas uses a brilliant analogy, describing fire; â€Å"For on that account, if they fou nd a thing hurtful to something by the power of its own nature, they thought that the very nature of that thing was evil; as, for instance, if one should say that the nature of fire was evil because it burnt the house of a poor man. Just as today, in our nature, some people have seen the things such as alcohol as being evil, those things, similar to the fire analogy, are only seen as evil because of what their purpose was intended for. â€Å"In the causes of evil we do not proceed to infinity, but reduce all evils to some good cause, whence evil follows accidentally. † As it was probably noticed during the explanation of the views of Aquinas and Augustine, it was mentioned that in quite a few cases, Aquinas would quote Augustine as a means of supporting his answers. Augustine was very influential to the development of early medieval philosophy, so therefore, Aquinas was influenced greatly by what Augustine had taught. Both Augustine and Aquinas defended the idea of evil as being derived from God. They both believed that evil was very much what man made it. Augustine believed that if man believed evil was a thing created from God, then that man was wrong; and Aquinas believed that if a man believed evil was a thing of God, then that man was wrong. However, these two comparisons also have definitive differences. Augustine believed that there really was no such thing as evil. He believed that evil was merely a lack of good – much like cold is defined as a lacking of heat. While on the other hand, Aquinas believed that there was evil. However, he did believed that it was not of God, because to an extend he believed what Augustine had to say about evil as a lack of good, and therefore not bondable to God; but, he believed that evil was existent but in the form of punishment as death for sinners. I believe that, evil is a thing that you make it to be. Coming from the perspective of one’s self, the definition of evil will vary, much like a small child might affiliate the term ‘evil’ with vegetables. Do I believe that Evil is the absence of Good? Yes, and no. Take Satan for example; he was an angel at one time full of good, but then due to the absence of good he became evil, but now his actions have become the literal embodiment of ‘evil’. Evil is what one makes of it, and how one might perceive evil in the real world.